Last week, President Obama hosted a Nuclear Security Summit here in D.C. and now that we’ve recovered from the traffic jams, it’s time to take a closer look.
At the summit, government leaders from around the world agreed to “join President Obama’s call to secure all vulnerable nuclear material in four years.” At the end of the summit, representatives from 47 countries issued a communiqué detailing plans to reach this goal.
A couple of things struck us about the communiqué, first, there’s the focus on highly-enriched uranium (HEU) and plutonium either of which could be used to make a nuclear weapon.
[Low-enriched uranium (LEU), generally enriched to 3 or 5 percent, is used as fuel in commercial nuclear reactors and can’t be used to make a nuclear weapon. Only high-enriched uranium (HEU)— enriched to 90 percent U-235 —can be used to make a nuclear weapon.]
The signatories agreed to:
“Recognize that highly enriched uranium and separated plutonium require special precautions and agree to promote measures to secure, account for, and consolidate these materials, as appropriate; and encourage the conversion of reactors from highly enriched to low enriched uranium fuel and minimization of use of highly enriched uranium, where technically and economically feasible.”
They also agreed to:
“Recognize the continuing role of nuclear industry … in nuclear security and will work with industry to ensure the necessary priority of physical protection, material accountancy, and security culture.”
A good example of a successful partnership between industry and governments has been the Megatons to Megawatts program. The program is a 20-year, $8 billion government/industry partnership that is converting HEU from dismantled Russian and American nuclear warheads into LEU for use as fuel in U.S. nuclear power plants.
The program focuses on HEU—not plutonium. The path for plutonium from a warhead would be a bit different—essentially ending in mixed oxide (MOX) fuel—but that’s a subject for a different time.
America generates about 10 percent of its electricity, roughly half of all of its nuclear power, using fuel from the Megatons to Megawatts program. Last time we checked in with the program it had downblended (that is, converted) 325 tons of Russian HEU, the equivalent of 13,000 nuclear warheads, into LEU. As of the end of last year the program had downblended 382 metric tons of HEU into 11,047 metric tons of LEU, or the equivalent of 15,294 nuclear warheads.
For those of you who want to get deeper into this, here’s the step-by-step process from Russian warhead to fuel assembly in America. By the way, this process is monitored by the National Nuclear Security Administration’s HEU Transparency Program. The goal of the NNSA program is to ensure “that the material is derived from weapons, processed, and converted to a nonweapons-useable form.”
By 2013, the program hopes to have downblended 500 metric tons of HEU or 20,000-warheads equivalent. This is a tremendous amount of energy. By USEC’s estimates enough fuel to power the entire United States for about two years.
There are other programs to downblend HEU: the blended low-enriched uranium (BLEU) program for 40 tons of HEU, the Reliable Fuel Supply program for 17.4 tons of HEU from dismantled warheads to start an international fuel bank. But Megatons to Megawatts, because of the large volume of material involved and the long duration of the program provides a framework for how industry and governments can work together to secure weapons-grade materials, transport them safely and then convert them into something economically useful that cannot be used to make a weapon. The program indicates a path forward for the successful disposition of weapons-grade materials that countries have chosen to eliminate or relinquish. As such, it helps answer the question: what do you do with this material once it is secured?
At the end of the process, the LEU burns up and as it does, we get carbon-free electricity to light our homes, run our businesses and keep industry humming. It’s hard to think of a greater peace dividend than that.
“Eliminating this vast quantity of weapons-usable HEU reduces nuclear risk by ensuring that this material can never be stolen or diverted.” – NNSA
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